The holy day of Beltaine has had many names in many languages. In Germany, it is Walpurgis Night, named for St Walburga. Of course, this saint had nothing to do with the May Eve celebrations, but the name remains. Walpurgisnacht is derived from Pagan spring customs. In the Norse tradition, Walpurgisnacht is considered the “Enclosure of the Fallen,” commemorating Odin’s discovery of the runes. Beltaine is also called May Day, Giamonios, and Rood Day. The name Rood
Day or Roodmas is a Christian name for this holiday derived from the
Church’s attempt to divert people from honoring the May Pole to honoring the Rood or Cross. The Puritans even went so far as to make the Maypole illegal in 1644.
Our ancestors counted days as beginning from nightfall on, and so Beltaine begins on evening of the last day of April. Traditionally this was a floating
holiday however, celebrated at the peak of the month of Taurus
(approximately May 4th or 5th). Many celebrate on April 30th or May
1st, but other traditions call for Beltaine to be held on the first
Full Moon of May which will fall on May 20th this year. Tonight, as with Samhain, the boundary between the living and the dead is weakened, and in fact, another name for this holiday is Cetsamhain (opposite Samhain). During the night, bonfires are built to keep away dead or chaotic spirits of the season. The return of light and the sun is celebrated on May Day.
No matter the name of the holiday however, the origins of Beltaine can be seen in its name. Beltaine is a solar holiday honoring the returning sun. Though scholars are not certain exactly which solar deity the holiday is named for, “taine” is a reference to fire. If it comes from “Balder’s Fire,” then the fires of this holy day may commemorate his funeral pyre. Other possible origins of the name come from Bel-tinne “Bel’s Fire” or Belotenia “bright fire” from the god of light and the underworld, Bel, Beli, Belinus, or Bile. In the Isle of Lewis, Beltaine is interpreted as beulteine “mouth-fire,” and elsewhere the name was interpreted as bil-tene “lucky fire.” In the Western Isles where yellow is a lucky color, this holy day was referred to as “lath buidhe Bealtaine,” the yellow (lucky) day of Beltaine.
All goddesses of song and dance, flowers, the hunt, and fertility can be honored on Beltaine. For those of the Greek and Roman traditions, the goddesses Aphrodite/Venus, Artemis/Diana, Hilaria, Baubo, Cybele, Cupra, Rhea, and Flora may be revered. Those of the Celtic traditions may celebrate in honor of Blodewedd, Damara, Fand, Ariel, Flidias, Rhiannon, or Shiela-na-gig. Teutonic traditions may choose from Skadi, Var, Freya, and Lofn, and Tuulikki and Mielikki are two Finnish goddesses honored at this time. Devana and Perchta may be worshiped by those of the Slavic traditions. Aztec traditions may choose from Xochiquetzal and Ilamatecuhti. Erzulie is honored by Voudoun practitioners, and the Rainbow Snake may be remembered in Australia.
Fertility gods and gods of the hunt and love are honored at Beltaine. The Horned God, Herne, Bel or Belanos, Manawyddan, Puck, Beltene, and Robin Goodfellow may be included in Beltaine celebrations among those following the Celtic path. Norse traditions may venerate Odin or Frey. Those of the Greek or Roman traditions may choose to honor Cupid/Eros, Orion, Faunus, or Pan. Chors is a Slavic god honored at this time.
The colors of Beltaine are red, green, white, and dark yellow. Sycamore trees represent the God, and the leaves have long been used in Jack in the Green symbols found in pub signs and old churches. The wood is used green for carving and given as “love spoon” tokens in Wales for betrothals around May Day. Birches represent the goddess and are used as the wood of the May Pole. Other symbols of the holy day are eggs, flowers, the chalice, butter churns, May baskets, and crossroads. Incidentally, sycamore and birch trees are my two favorite trees.
Traditional foods of Beltaine come from the dairy. Butter, milk, cheeses, eggs, and honey are all customary on this day. Honeyed mead is a favorite drink associated with Beltaine. Oatcakes, May Cakes, and bannocks were also eaten, scored with the lines of the Bel-fires (a grid with nine blocks).
On May Eve, bonfires called Balefires were kindled in the proscribed manner or kindled from the sky (lightning or using a lens to focus the sun’s light). On beacon hills, fires were lit tonight and during times of trouble or emergency. Hearth fires would be extinguished and relit from the Need-Fire. Herdsmen would drive their stock between two fires or through the ashes of one to purify and preserve them from illness in the coming year. This would also ensure their fertility and copious milk supply. People jumped over the fires or ran between them three times for luck, for a bountiful harvest, or for whatever else they might need while the rest of the group sang and danced. Many couples still leap the fires together or jump the cauldron to help conceive.
Fire divination is a common practice during Beltaine. Seers stare into the flames seeking shapes to interpret. Morris and sword dances are all part of Beltaine fertility rites. Parades include Robin Hood, Maid Marion, and the Merry Men. Dancing all night in fields ensures a healthy crop. The dancers attempt to jump as high as they can in an effort to make crops grow tall. On the night of April 30, a custom called “bringing in the May” is enacted in some areas. Similar to “trick-or-treating,” revelers stop at homes on the way back to their villages, leaving flowers gathered from the woodlands. For this service, they receive treats and in return bless those who were generous or wish ill luck on those who were not. Another Beltaine custom involves the first dew of May. Maidens bathe their faces in May Morning dew to preserve beauty. The ancient trees by the sacred wells of Europe are often festooned with rags from the clothes of the sick to bring them health. The water of the wells was also used for blessings.
As a Celtic fire festival, modern Pagans commemorate the union of the
goddess and god and the fecundity of the earth at this time. Thus Beltaine is a time of binding two into one. Weaving, braiding, knot work are all customary activities of this holy day. Braiding flowers into garlands and dancing the Maypole are both excellent ways to celebrate Beltaine.
At this time of year, fairy protections were common. Daisy chains were placed around the necks of children, and livestock were fed dill weed in an effort to protect them from mischievous sprites. Throwing a hot coal in the churn could protect the butter, and hawthorn and rowan were very protective woods used at this time. Rowan crosses or a branch over the home fire (the symbol of the luck of the house) protected the fortune of the home. Ringing bells will drive off the more unpleasant spirits, while leaving the Good Folk untouched. Leaving out offerings to the Fairies is also a time honored tradition at Beltaine.
In Germany, Walpurgisnacht (Hexennacht- Witches’ Night) is allegedly when witches hold a large celebration on the Blocksberg and await the arrival of Spring. Brocken is the highest of the Harz Mountains of north central Germany. It is noted for the phenomenon of the Brocken specter… the magnified shadow of an observer is somehow thrown into a bank of clouds in the high mountain areas when the sun is low. In rural parts of southern Germany, it is traditional for children to play pranks on Walpurgisnacht, like tampering with a neighbor’s garden, hiding possessions, or spraying graffiti on private property. Unfortunately, these pranks occasionally result in serious damage to property or bodily injury.
Walpurgis (Valborgsmässoafton or Valborg), alongside Christmas and Midsummer, is one of the main holidays of Sweden. Like Germany, one of the main traditions in Sweden the lighting of large bonfires, a custom which began in Uppland during the 18th century and is most firmly established in Svealand. An older tradition from Southern Sweden was for young people to collect greenery and branches from the woods at twilight. These were used to adorn the houses of the village, and they were paid in eggs. Singing the songs of spring is probably the most prevalent tradition in Sweden, and most of the songs come from the 19th century. They were spread by students’ spring festivities, and the strongest and most traditional spring festivities are to be found in the old university cities, like Uppsala and Lund. One of the newest student traditions is The Cortège, a carnival parade which has been held by the students at Chalmers in Gothenburg since 1909.
In Finland, Walpurgis Night (Vapunaatto or Valborgsmässoafton) is one of the biggest carnival-style festivities of the year. Alcoholic beverages are plentiful, and the student traditions make up the main portion of “Vappu” traditions. Through the end of the 19th century, this traditional upper class feast was adopted by university students who had already received their student caps. A nude female statue in Helsinki is “capped” and ribbald publications called Äpy and Julkku are printed on alternating years. While Julkku is a standard magazine, Äpy is always printed in some odd way, on toilet paper or a bedsheet. It has also often been stuffed inside packages such as sardine-cans and milk cartons. The festivities include a picnic on May 1st, and the first of May means the beginning of spring for many people in Finland. It is said that one who doesn’t have a romantic partner on Vappu will not have one on midsummer night either.
In Estonia, Volbriöö (April 30th) is more important than the following day, Kevadpüha (May 1st). Volbriöö is considered one of the main reasons to party throughout the country. Influenced by German belief, the night was originally originally thought to be a time for witches to gather. Some people will still dress up as witches and wander the streets at this time. Because, like Finland, Volbriöö is a time to get plastered, the following day is known as Kaatripäev (Hangover Day, from the German ‘Kater’ meaning ‘Hangover’).
This is the third day of Floralia.
The festival of Acca Larentia or Laurentia was held today. Like Ceres, Teilus, Flora and others, Acca Laurentia symbolized the fertility of the earth, in particular the city lands and their crops. Acca Larentia is also identified with Larentina, Mana Genita, and Muta.
It is difficult to determine exactly who she was. According to some, she was the wife of the shepherd Faustulus, and the adoptive mother of Romulus and Remus. She is therefore identified with the Dea Dia. Another tradition holds that Larentia was a beautiful girl during the reign of Ancus Marcius in the 7th century BC. She was awarded to Hercules as a prize in a game of dice and was locked in his temple with his other prize, a feast. When he no longer had need of her, he advised her to marry the first wealthy man she met, who turned out to be an Etruscan named Carutius or Tarrutius. After his death, she inherited all his property and bequeathed it to the Roman people. Thus she was allowed to be buried in the Velabrum and an annual festival was instituted in her honor, at which sacrifices were offered to the Lares. Yet another tradition ties her origins to Romulus and Remus again, stating that she was the prostitute “Lupa,” who left the fortune she amassed through sex work to the Roman people. Whatever her origins, it seems clear that she was of Etruscan origin and connected with the worship of the Lares, from which her name may or may not be derived. This relation is also apparent in the number of her sons, which corresponds to that of the twelve “country Lares.”
This is Oidhche Bhealtaine, Bealtaine Eve, May Eve, Walpurgis Night, or Cernunnos Dydd (Day of Cernunnos). May Eve is celebrated as the festival of the dead in Portugal and Spain.
In 1990, the Brocken, the German witches’ holy mountain, was reclaimed by women’s groups.
Alexander Sanders, the “King of the Witches” as he became known, was responsible for founding the Alexandrian Tradition of Wicca. He died on May eve in 1988.